• Vitae
• Major teaching and research interests
• Activities
• Publications
• Papers

• 2004-2010 studies of Journalism, Political Science and Psychology at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
• 2010-2022 Research assistant at the Institute for Mass Communication, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz
• 2016 Doctorate (Dr. phil.), topic: "Media effects despite experience? On the influence of direct and medially mediated experience of an event"
• 2018 Visiting professor at the Department of Journalism and Communication Research
• 2018 Research stays at the Institute of Journalism and Communication Science, University of Vienna and at the Department of Journalism Media and Communication, University of Gothenburg
• 2022 Visiting Professor at the Institute for Communication Studies and Media Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich
• Since 2022 Junior Professor of Communication Studies with a focus on Media and Music
  
  

• The role of media and music in intergroup conflict and social inequality
• Political communication, especially media and migration
• Media and violence, especially violence against women in print media, online and music

• Associate Editor at SN Social Science
• 2020: Participation in the Mercator Science-Policy Fellowship Program of the Rhine-Main Universities
• Member of the German Society of Mass Communication (DGPuK), the International Communication Association (ICA) and UN Women
• Member of the Editorial Board of "International Journal of Communication" (since 2023)
• Since May 2024 Head of the Research Hub

in press

Gehle, L., Hameleers, M., Tulin, M., de Vreese, C. H., Aalberg, T., van Aelst, P., Cardenal, A. S., Corbu, N., van Erkel, P., Esser, F., Halagiera, D., Hopmann, D. N., Koc-Michalska, K., Matthes, J., Meltzer, C. E., Splendore, S., Stanyer, J., Stępińska, A., Štětka, V., ... Zoizner, A. (accepted/in press). Misinformation detection in the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine: Evidence from original survey data collected in 19 democracies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research. doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edad040

Hopmann, D. N., Stepinska, A., Stanyer, J., Halagiera, D., Terren, L., Gehle, L., Meltzer, C. E., Buturoiu, R., Corbu, N., Cardenal, A. S., & Schemer, C. (accepted/in press). A qualitative examination of (political) media diets across age cohorts in five countries. Communications - The European Journal of Communication Research.

2023

Hameleers, M., Tulin, M., De Vreese, C., Aalberg, T., Van Aelst, P., Cardenal, A. S., Corbu, N., Van Erkel, P., Esser, F., Gehle, L., Halagiera, D., Hopmann, D., Koc-Michalska, K., Matthes, J., Meltzer, C. E., Mihelj, S., Schemer, C., Sheafer, T., Splendore, S., Stanyr, J., Stepinska, A., Stetka, V., Strömbäck, J., Terren, L., Theocharis, Y., & Zoizner, A. (2023). Mistakenly misinformed or intentionally deceived? Mis- and Disinformation perceptions on the Russian War in Ukraine among citizens in 19 countries. European Journal of Political Research. Published online first December 12. doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12646

Meltzer, C. E. (2023). Isolated incidents. Media reporting on violence against women in the German press. Journalism Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2162952

Meltzer, C. E. (2023). Mehr Fokus auf die Strukturen. Wie Medien verantwortungsvoll(er) über die Gewalt gegen Frauen berichten können [More focus on structures. How the media can report (more) responsibly on violence against women]. Communicatio Socialis, 56(3), 339–349. doi.org/10.5771/0010-3497-2023-3-339

2022

Jürgens, P., Meltzer, C. E. & Scharkow, M. (2022). Age and gender representation on German TV. Computational Communication Research, 4(1), 173-207.

Meltzer, C. E. (2022). Die Darstellung von Gewalt gegen Frauen in den Medien [The portrayal of violence against women in the media]. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. Retrieved from www.bpb.de/themen/gender-diversitaet/515609/die-darstellung-von-gewalt-gegen-frauen-in-den-medien/

Meltzer, C. E. (2022). Living with television: The violence profile von George Gerbner und Larry Gross (1976). In T. Döbler, R. Spiller & C. Rudeloff (Hrsg.), Schlüsselwerke der Kommunikationswissenschaft [Key works of mass communication]. Wiesbaden: Springer.

2021

Boomgaarden, H. G & Meltzer, C. E. (2021). Mapping public attitudes toward immigration within and into Europe. In J. Strömbäck, C. E. Meltzer, J.-M. Eberl, H. G. Boomgaarden, C. Schemer (Eds.), Media and public attitudes toward migration in Europe: A comparative approach (pp. 47-68). London: Routledge.

Eberl, J.-M. & Meltzer, C. E. (2021). Media effects on attitudes toward immigration: Political sophistication as a shield. In J. Strömbäck, C. E. Meltzer, J.-M. Eberl, H. G. Boomgaarden, C. Schemer (Eds.), Media and public attitudes toward migration in Europe: A comparative approach (pp. 159-173). London: Routledge.

Lind, F. & Meltzer, C. E. (2021). Mobile in Europe. Effects of mobility attitudes and experiences on attitudes toward freedom of movement. In J. Strömbäck, C. E. Meltzer, J.-M. Eberl, H. G. Boomgaarden, C. Schemer (Eds.), Media and public attitudes toward migration in Europe: A comparative approach (pp. 84-102). London: Routledge.

Meltzer, C. E. (2021). The influence of self-interested and sociotropic perceptions on immigration attitudes. In J. Strömbäck, C. E. Meltzer, J.-M. Eberl, H. G. Boomgaarden, C. Schemer (Eds.), Media and public attitudes toward migration in Europe: A comparative approach (pp. 69-83). London: Routledge.

Meltzer, C. E. (2021). Tragische Einzelfälle. Wie Medien über Gewalt gegen Frauen berichten. Frankfurt: Otto Brenner Stiftung.

Meltzer, C. E. & Schemer, C. (2021). Miscounting the others: Media effects on perceptions of the immigrant population size. In J. Strömbäck, C. E. Meltzer, J.-M. Eberl, H. G. Boomgaarden, C. Schemer (Eds.), Media and public attitudes toward migration in Europe: A comparative approach (pp. 174-189). London: Routledge.

Strömbäck, J., Meltzer C. E., Eberl, J.-M., Schemer, C. & Boomgaarden, H. (2021). Setting the stage: Understanding media discourses about and public attitudes toward migration in Europe. In J. Strömbäck, C.E. Meltzer, J.-M. Eberl, H. G. Boomgaarden, C. Schemer (Eds.), Media and public attitudes toward migration in Europe: A comparative approach (pp. 3-27). London: Routledge.

Strömbäck, J., Meltzer C. E., Eberl, J. E., Schemer, C. & Boomgaarden, H. (2021). Summary and conclusions: Media discourse about and public attitudes toward migration within and into Europe. In J. Strömbäck, C. E. Meltzer, J.-M. Eberl, H. G. Boomgaarden, C. Schemer (Eds.), Media and public attitudes toward migration in Europe: A comparative approach (pp. 211-229). London: Routledge.

Theorin, N., Meltzer, C. E., Galyga, S., Strömbäck, S., Schemer, C., Eberl, J.-M., Lind, F., Heidenreich, T., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2021). Does news frame affect free movement attitudes? A comparative analysis. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990211006793

2020

Lind, F., & Meltzer, C. E. (2020). Now you see me, now you don’t: Applying automated content analysis to track migrant women’s salience in German news. Feminist Media Studies, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1713840

Meltzer, C. E. (2020). Sampling, random. In J. van den Bulck (Hrsg.), The international encyclopedia of media psychology. Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0039

Meltzer, C.E., Eberl, J.-M, Theorin, N., Heidenreich, T., Strömbäck, J., Boomgaarden, H.G. & Schemer, C. (2020). Media effects on policy preferences toward free movement: Evidence from five EU member states. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1778454

2019

Meltzer, C. E. (2019). Kultivierungsforschung [Cultivation research]. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

Schemer, C., & Meltzer, C. E. (2019). The impact of negative parasocial and vicarious contact with refugees in the media on attitudes toward refugees. Mass Communication and Society, 23, 230-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2019.1692037

2018

Eberl, J.-M., Meltzer, C. E., Heidenreich, T., Herrero, B., Theorin, N., Lind, F., … Strömbäck, J. (2018). The European media discourse on immigration and its effects: A literature review. Annals of the International Communication Association, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2018.1497452

Meier, A., Meltzer C. E. & Reinecke, L. (2018). Coping with stress or losing control? Facebook-induced strains among emerging adults as a consequence of escapism versus procrastination. In R. Kühne, S. E. Baumgartner, T. Koch & M. Hofer (Eds.), Youth and media: Current perspectives on media use and effects (pp. 167-186). Baden-Baden: Nomos. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845280455-167

2017

Meltzer, C. E. & Schnauber, A. (2017). Sampling theory. In M. Allen (Eds.), The SAGE encyclopedia of communication research methods (pp. 1550–1552). Thousand Oaks: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411.n544

2016

Meier, A, Reinecke L. & Meltzer, C. E. (2016). "Facebocrastination"? Predictors of using Facebook for procrastination and its effects on students' well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.011

Meltzer, C. E. (2016). Medienwirkung trotz Erfahrung. Der Einfluss von direkter und medial vermittelter Erfahrung eines Ereignisses [Media impact despite experience. The influence of direct and media-mediated experience of an event]. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-15579-7

Schnauber, A. & Meltzer, C. E. (2016). Online vs. memory-based. Variables explaining and moderating the occurrence and interrelation of first- and second-order cultivation effects. Communications. The European Journal of Communication Research, 41, 121-143. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2016-0004

2015

Meltzer, C. E., Rossmann, C. & Schnauber, A. (2015). Living with television: The violence profile von George Gerbner und Larry Gross (1976). In M. Potthoff (Eds.), Schlüsselwerke der Medienwirkungsforschung. Wiesbaden: Springer.

Meltzer, C. E. & Schnauber, A. (2015). Specific situations or specific people? How do extrinsic and intrinsic factors interact in cultivation research? International Journal of Communication, 9, 2838-2861.

Schnauber, A. & Meltzer, C. E. (2015). The impact of personal experience in cultivation. Studies in Communication | Media (SCM), 4(1), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2015-1-3

2013

Meltzer, C. E., Jakobs, I. & Daschmann, G. (2013). „Wir haben ja beim letzten Interview schon miteinander telefoniert.“ Zum Einfluss des Interviewers auf die Teilnahmebereitschaft in telefonischen Panelbefragungen ["We already spoke on the phone during the last interview." On the influence of the interviewer on the willingness to participate in telephone panel surveys]. Studies in Communication | Media (SCM), 2(2), 223-245. https://doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2013-2-223

2012

Meltzer, C. E., Naab, T. & Daschmann, G. (2012). All student samples differ: Participant selection in communication science. Communication Methods and Measures, 6(4), 251-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2012.732625

2023

Dittrich, A. & Meltzer, C. E. (2023, September). Forschungsethik im Codierprozess der manuellen Inhaltsanalyse [Research ethics in the coding process of manual content analysis]. Workshop at the Annual Conference of the German Society of Mass Communication’s Expert Group Methods, September 27-29, Potsdam.

Meltzer, C. E., Jost, P. B., Schemer, C., Kruschinski, S., & Maurer, M. (2023, August/September). The impact of media contact with refugee women and men in the news on immigration-related attitudes and emotions. Paper presented at the ECREA PolComm Converence, August 31-September 1, 2023, Berlin.

Meltzer, C. E., Strömbäck, J., Gehle, L., Schemer, C. & Hopmann, D. N. (2023, August/September). The perception of social cohesion and media use in society: A comparative study. Paper presented at the ECREA PolComm Converence, August 31-September 1, 2023, Berlin.

Meltzer, C. E. (2023, July). Mediale Darstellung von Gewalt gegen Frauen [Eingeladener Vortrag] ]Media presentation of violence against women (invited paper)]. Joint Annual Conference of the Ministry for Families, Women, Culture and Integration and the Federal Working Group for Women's and Equal Opportunity Commissioners in Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz.

Hameleers, M., Gehle, L., Tulin, M., Schemer, C., Vreese, C., Aalberg, T., Aelst, P., Cardenal, A., Corbu, N., Erkel, P., Esser, F., Halagiera, D., Hopmann, D. N., Koc-Michalska, K., Matthes, J., Meltzer, C. E., Mihelj, S., Splendore, S., Stanyer, J., Stepinska, A., Stetka, V., Stromback, J., Terren, L., Theocharis, Y. & Zoizner, A. (2023, May). Deception detection in the context of the Russia-Ukraine war: Evidence from original survey data collected in 19 democracies. Paper presented at the 73rd Annual Conference of the International Communication Association (ICA), May 25-27, 2023, Toronto, Canada.

Klingelhoefer, J., Meier, A., Meltzer, C. E. & Reinecke, L. (2023, May). License to Procrastinate: Is Self-Forgiveness for Online Procrastination Driven by Self-Licensing or Self-Compassion? Paper presented at the 73rd Annual Conference of the International Communication Association (ICA), May 25-27, 2023, Toronto, Canada.

Schemer, C., Stanyer, J., Meltzer, C. E., Gehle, L., Aelst, P., Theocharis, Y., Stromback, J., Stetka, V., Stepinska, A., Splendore, S., Zoizner, A., Matthes, J., Koc-Michalska, K., Hopmann, D. N., Esser, F., David, Y., Corbu, N., Castro, L., Cardenal, A., Aalberg, T., Erkel, P., Terren, L. & Halagiera, D. (2023, May). The relationship of political entertainment media use and political trust: A comparative study in 18 countries. Paper presented at the 73rd Annual Conference of the International Communication Association (ICA), May 25-27, 2023, Toronto, Canada.

Tulin, M., Hameleers, M., Vreese, C., Aalberg, T., Cardenal, A., Corbu, N., Erkel, P., Esser, F., Gehle, L., Halagiera, D., Hopmann, D. N., Koc-Michalska, K., Matthes, J., Meltzer, C. E., Mihelj, S., Schemer, C., Sheafer, T., Splendore, S., Stanyer, J., Stepinska, A., Stetka, V., Stromback, J., Terren, L., Theocharis, Y. & Zoizner, A. (2023, May). Why do people fact-check mis- and disinformation about the Russian war in Ukraine? The role of directional and accuracy motivations. Paper presented at the 73rd Annual Conference of the International Communication Association (ICA), May 25-27, 2023, Toronto, Canada.

Meltzer, C. E. (2023, April). Die mediale Darstellung von Frauen als Opfern von Gewalt [Eingeladener Vortrag] [The media presentation of women as victims of violence (invited paper)]. Symposium on the occasion of the 10th Anniversary of the Victim Protection Unit Conference, April 25, 2023, Ministry of Justice of Lower Saxony, Hanover.

2022

Meltzer, C. E. (2022, November). Die Macht der Sprache im Leben von Mädchen und Frauen: Gewalt gegen Frauen im Kontext medialer Berichterstattung [Eingeladener Vortrag] [The power of language in the life of girls and women: Violence against women in the context of media coverage]. Event on the International Day Against Violence Against Women, November 25, 2022, House of Representatives, Berlin.

Meltzer, C. E. (2022, September). Befund Print. Tragische Einzelfälle? Wie Medien über Gewalt berichten [Diagnosis print. Tragic individual cases? How the media report on violence]. Invited paper at the Conference "Media coverage of violence against women. An event for media professionals and media users" of the State Women's Advisory Council Rhineland-Palatinate and Frauennotruf Mainz e.V.

Bruns, S., Scheper, J. & Meltzer, C. E. (2022, June). Schmeichelhafte Komplimente und wüste Beleidigungen – Der Einfluss medienvermittelter Intergruppenkontakte auf die Unterstützung von Minderheiten (Outgroup) unter Berücksichtigung affektiver und kognitiver Mediatoren [Flattering compliments and savage insults - The influence of media-mediated intergroup contact on minority (outgroup) support considering affective and cognitive mediators]. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the German Society of Mass Communication's Expert Group Reception and Effects Research, June 7-9, 2022, Düsseldorf.

Meltzer, C. E. (2022, May). Isolated incidents? How German media report about violence against women. Paper presented at the 72nd Annual Conference of the International Communication Association (ICA), May 26-30, 2022, Paris, France.

Scheper, J., Bruns, S. & Meltzer, C. E. (2022, May). Flattering compliments and savage insults - The influence of mediated intergroup contact on minority (outgroup) support considering affective and cognitive mediators. Paper presented at the 72nd Annual Conference of the International Communication Association (ICA), May 26-30, 2022, Paris, France.

2021

Meltzer, C. E. (2021). Jeden 3. Tag. Wie Medien über Gewalt gegen Frauen berichten [Every third day. How the media report on violence against women]. Invited paper at the Femicide Symposium, Winsen (Luhe).

The convoluted path to Equality: An automated image analysis of facial age and gender on German TV? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the ICA, 2021, virtual/Denver, USA (with Pascal Jürgens and Michael Scharkow).

Good for my country - bad for me? On the influence of media use on egocentric and sociotropic migration attitudes. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the German Society of Mass Communication (DGPuK) 2021, virtual/Zurich, Switzerland (with Pablo Jost and Christian Schemer).

Does social media promote prejudices? Effects of online and traditional media use on attitudes towards refugees? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the German Society of Mass Communication (DGPuK) 2021, virtual/Zurich, Switzerland (with Liane Reiners and Christian Schemer).

2020

Zur Wirkung von Medien auf die Überschätzung von Immigration [On the effect of media on the overestimation of immigration]. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the German Society of Mass Communication (DGPuK) 2020, Munich (with Philipp Masur and Christian Schemer).

2019

Now you see me, now you don’t. Applying automated content analysis to track female migrants’ salience in German news. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the ICA, 2019, Washington, USA (with Fabienne Lind).

Media framing effects on policy preferences towards free movement: A comparative approach. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the ICA, 2019, Washington, USA (with Jakob-Moritz Eberl, Nora Theorin, Tobias Heidenreich, Fabienne Lind, Hajo G. Boomgaarden, Christian Schemer and Jesper Strömbäck).

Lizenz zum Prokrastinieren? Selbst-Lizensierung und Selbst-Mitgefühl als Prädiktoren von Selbstvergebung für Online-Prokrastination [License to procrastinate? Self-licensing and self-compassion as predictors of self-forgiveness for online procrastination]. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Germany Society of Mass Communication (DGPuK), Expert Group Reception and Effects Research, 2019 (with Adrian Meier and Leonard Reinecke).

2018

Effects of media discourses about (im)migration on attitudes toward free movement: A comparative linkage approach based on evidence from seven European countries. Paper presented at the ECREA Conference, 2018, Lugano, Switzerland (with Nora Theorin, Fabienne Lind, Jakob-Moritz Eberl, Hajo Boomgaarden, Tobias Heidenreich und Jesper Strömbäck).

The role of media on attitudes toward immigration and free movement in the European Union. Paper presented at the International Migration Conference "Migration – Medien – Öffentlichkeit / Migration – Media – The Public", 2018, Cologne (with Christian Schemer).

The influence of media use on attitudes towards immigration in the European Union. A comparative analysis in seven countries. Paper presented at the ICA Preconference Refugees, Religious Threats, and Political Radicalization, 2018, Prague, Czech Republic (with Hajo Boomgaarden, Jakob-Moritz Eberl, Tobias Heidenreich, Fabienne Lind, Christian Schemer, Jesper Strömbäck and Nora Theorin).

The effects of dehumanizing images on the perception of refugees. Paper presented at the ICA Preconference Refugees, Religious Threats, and Political Radicalization: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives, 2018, Prague, Czech Repuplic (with Christian Schemer and Till Hafermann).

2017

Der Einfluss von stellvertretendem und parasozialem medialen Kontakt mit sozialen Gruppen auf Vorurteile [The influence of vicarious and parasocial media contact with social groups on prejudice]. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the German Society of Mass Communication, Expert Group Reception and Effects Research, 2017, Hohenheim (mit Christian Schemer).

Despite personal experience? The impact of personal and media experience on the evaluation of an event. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the ICA, 2017, San Diego, USA.

Convinced, or not convinced? – How complaints on social media and their presumed effects on others influence users’ attitudes toward companies. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the ICA, 2017, San Diego, USA (with Mathias Weber and Inga Louis).

2016

“Faceboocrastination“? Predictors of using Facebook for procrastination and its effects on students’ well-being. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the ICA, 2016, Fukuoka, Japan (with Adrian Meier and Leonard Reinecke).

Kontrollverlust oder Coping-Strategie? – Belastungen durch Facebook-Nutzung als Folge von Prokrastination und Eskapismus [Loss of control or coping strategy? - Burdens of Facebook use as a consequence of procrastination and escapism]. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the German Society of Mass Communication (DGPuK), Expert Group Reception and Effects Research, 2016, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (with Adrian Meier and Leonard Reinecke).

2015

The influence of closeness on cultivation effects. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the ICA, 2015, San Juan, Puerto Rico (with Anna Schnauber).

The (not so) guilty mouse potato – How appraisal of online procrastination changes the recovery outcome after online media use. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the ICA, 2015, San Juan, Puerto Rico (with Adrian Meier and Leonard Reinecke).

2014

The impact of personal experience in the cultivation process. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the ICA, 2014, Seattle, USA (with Anna Schnauber).

Die Rolle von persönlicher Erfahrung mit Gewalt im Kultivierungsprozess [The role of personal experience with violence in the cultivation process]. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the German Society of Mass Comunication (DGPuK), Expert Group Reception and Effects Research, 2014, Hanover (with Anna Schnauber).

How to Become a Pro in Procrastination: Prädiktoren der Nutzung von Facebook zur Prokrastination [How to become a pro in procrastination: Predictors of Facebook use for procrastination]. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the German Society of Mass Communication (DGPuK), Expert Group Reception and Effects Reserach, 2014, Hanover (with Adrian Meier and Leonard Reinecke).

Aktuelle Fragen der Kultivierungsforschung – zum Erklärungspotential angrenzender Theorien. Workshop at the Annual Conference of the German Society of Mass Communication (DGPuK), Expert Group Reception and Effects Reserach, 2014, Hanover (with Volker Gehrau, Cordula Nitsch, Constanze Rossmann and Freya Sukalla).

2013

Online vs. memory based. Variables explaining and moderating the occurrence and interrelation of first- and second-order cultivation effects. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the ICA, 2013, London, England (with Anna Schnauber).

2012

Do we overlook person-situation interaction in media effects? Paper presented at the ECREA Conference, 2012, Istanbul, Turkey (with Anna Schnauber).

Online vs. memory-based – moderating and mediating variables in second-order cultivation. Paper presented at the IAMCR Conference, 2012, Durban, SA (with Anna Schnauber).

Need for cognition – an elite concept? Paper presented at the IAMCR Conference, 2012, Durban, SA (with Anna Schnauber and Gregor Daschmann).

Effects on panel mortality in telephone surveys. Paper presented at the International Conference on Social Science Methodology, 2012, Sydney, Australia (with Ilka Lolies and Gregor Daschmann).

Specific situations or specific people? How situational factors and personal characteristics function as moderator variables in cultivation research. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the ICA, 2012, Phoenix, USA (with Anna Schnauber).

2011

Meltzer, C. E. (2011). Awareness, education and elaboration.Further insights into intervening variables in the cultivation process. Paper presented at the IAMCR Conference, 2011, Istanbul, Turkey.